In his State of the Union address last month, President Obama proposed raising the Federal minimum wage from the current $7.25 to $9.00 per hour. 19 States already have minimum wages of over $7.25/hr and the state of Washington has a minimum wage of over $9.00/hr.

As expected this topic is being hotly debated by economists and media pundits. From a report analyzing the impact of a higher minimum wage in Council of Foreign Relations:

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An important question which follows is what impact this would have on employment.  A recent paper by Texas A&M economists Jonathan Meer and Jeremy West found that whereas the immediate impact on unemployment of raising the minimum wage by 10% is very small, its impact on long-term job growth is more substantial: 0.35 percentage points.  The logic is that raising the minimum wage is a greater deterrent to hiring than it is a motivator for firing.

Using their findings, the 19% rise in the effective minimum wage proposed by President Obama would decrease long-run job growth by 0.7 percentage points.  Put in perspective, this is significant.  Over the past twelve months, average year-over-year job growth has been 1.8%.  Knocking off 0.7 percentage points would reduce it to 1.1%, which is barely more than the 0.9% average year-over-year growth in the labor force over the past twelve months.  As today’s Geo-Graphic shows, this could materially slow the fall in unemployment from its current high level.

Source:  Obama’s Minimum-Wage Hike Will Hit Employment, CFR

But how does U.S. minimum wage compare to other OECD countries?

The U.S. wage rate is actually lower than many other developed countries. The U.S. ranks in the middle among the OECD countries.

I disagree with the results of the study Texas A&M economists. Contrary to their conclusions I would state that higher minimum wages should help the economy in the long-run. Putting more money into workers’ pocket should help stimulate demand which the U.S. economy desperately needs now. This is especially important in the current situation where  workers’ real wages have remained stagnant or even went lower when corporate profits are at record highs. For example, Australia has had one of the highest hourly wages  for years among developed countries . In 2011, it had the highest hourly rate at close to $14.00 among the OECD countries. Despite the high wage rate, Australia has a vibrant growing economy and the economy remained strong even during the global financial crisis. So the theory that higher minimum wage would adversely affect employment rates is incorrect.

The following chart shows the latest real hourly minimum wages for OECD member countries:

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Source: OECD

One of the mysteries in the modern day world is the price of crude oil. Nobody really knows why the price of oil varies on a daily basis and why prices continue to go up. So it is not surprising that even the U.S. government’s Energy Information Administration states the following on its website: “The world oil market is complicated”. In this post lets take a quick look at this “complicated” market.

The two types of companies that dominate the world oil market are the International Oil Companies known as IOCs and the National Oil Companies called as NOCs. The IOCs are private companies while the NOCs are owned by governments. The NOCs control the majority of the world’s proven reserves and produced at least 55% of the world’s output in 2010. An example of IOC is Exxon Mobil and an example of NOC is Pemex of Mexico.

The following chart shows the share of the world’s oil production by type of company in 2011:

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Source: Who are the major players supplying the world oil market?, U.S. EIA

The U.S. has no NOCs. The entire oil market from exploration to production to distribution is in the hands of private companies who determine the price that the public pays at the pump. Some of these US-based IOCs include ExxonMobil (XOM), Chevron (CVX) and ConocoPhillips(COP). As these companies are private, they are only answerable to their shareholders and not the U.S. government.  The U.S. government cannot set the price of gasoline or interfere in the workings of these companies. Hence consumers are the mercy of these giant corporations when they fill gasoline for their cars and other vehicles. As these companies are responsible only to their shareholders who demand ever-higher returns and not to consumers or the government, price gouging at the pump occurs 24 hours a day on every day of the year right under the nose of the state.

The top three international oil companies by production in 2012 were Exxon Mobil, BP (BP), and Royal Dutch Shell (RDS-A, RDS-B). The top three NOCs based on production were Saudi Aramco, National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and PdVSA  of Venezuela .

The majority of the NOCs such as Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia), Pemex (Mexico), and PdVSA (Venezuela) are directly owned and operated as an extension of the government. All NOCs of the OPEC fall into this category. The goal of these NOCs is mainly to provide subsidized oil to the domestic consumers and generate revenue for the national governments by selling oil in the international market at market prices. Theoretically the states are supposed to use the oil wealth to help advance the country’s economy. Hence price of gasoline tend be very cheap relative to world prices in countries with these type of NOCs. As the government sets the price of oil in these countries, the price of gasoline does not vary based on the international market prices.

The second type of NOC are the ones which do not operate as an agency of the government but operate as a corporate entity. They try to satisfy both the profit-motives of a private corporation and further the goals of the country. The state may hold a major stake in these companies in order to have some control over how they are run. Statoil (STO) of Norway and Petrobras (PBR) of Brazil are example of such as NOCs.

OPEC:

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group of some of the the world’s most oil-rich countries.  They control about 70% of the world’s proven oil reserves. In its simplest form the OPEC can be considered as a cartel. Though the formation of cartels is illegal in most countries in all industries, the OPEC has been allowed to form and operate as a cartel. The OPEC controls the production, prices of oil and other matters related to oil. So just like any cartel, its job is to make sure that prices stay at a specific level to generate enough profits are determined by the member countries. So for example, if the price of oil falls because the world’s demand is down, the OPEC cuts production to bring up the price to the level it desires.

The 12 member of the OPEC are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Angola, Ecuador Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela. Ecuador and Venezuela are the only OPEC countries in the Western Hemisphere.

So one reason that can be attributed as to why the world’s oil market is complicated is that the OPEC cartel is allowed to exist to manipulate prices. One can only wonder why Western powers are unwilling to apply the the principles of free-market to the oil industry and force the dismantling of the OPEC.

Disclosure: No Positions

The global financial crisis exposed the big flaw in debt-led growth in most developed countries. The U.S. became the poster child for the world see the harmful effects of how unsustainable debt levels held by individuals, companies and governments alike. Even after the credit crisis debt levels remain still high in many countries. For example, at the end of last year U.S. gross debt stood at 370% of the GDP.This figure includes all the four types of debt shown in the chart below.

The U.S. economy was about $14.0 Trillion in 2011. To put the U.S. Federal government debt in perspective, the total outstanding U.S. public debt is $16,701,250,641,109.6 as of March 7, 2013. Out of  this figure, $11.8 Trillion is held by the public and the rest are intra-governmental holdings according data by the U.S. Treasury Department. The U.S. is the largest debtor country in the country and China holds the largest amount of U.S. debt. Nobody knows if this debt will ever be paid to Chinese. The only thing that everyone seem to focus is on for the time being is the interest paid out to the Chinese and other countries every year. Since this interest is only a few billion dollars the U.S. is easily able to pay it without any worries about the principal amount of the loans.

As a result of the sovereign debt crisis in European countries such as Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece, temporary solutions have been implemented in the past few years to avoid the collapse of the Euro. However debt held by private individuals and corporations have not been reduced much. For example, Spanish households and financial institutions continue to hold high levels of debt from their exposures to the once-vibrant real estate industry.

Niels Jensen of Absolute Return Partners LLP of UK shared some of his thoughts on the debt levels in developed countries in their latest report. From the article:

Overall debt levels remain excruciatingly high (chart 1) and I note with some trepidation that Greece is not even close to being the most indebted nation in the world today. In chart 1 debt from all the four main sectors of the economy have been added together. As experience has taught us, it is total debt that matters. Focusing on government debt alone will lead to bad investment decisions.

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Without a healthy level of economic growth there is no way that all this debt can ever be repaid, hence the growing focus on nominal GDP growth, so, in that respect, economic growth still matters.

Source: Expect the Unexpected by Niels C. Jensen, The Absolute Return Letter, March 2013
Absolute Return Partners LLP, UK